Recap

When do frames work/fail?

Frame success and violence

Ways media might affect violence

Coordination

Persuasion

resonance: degree to which frames are effective in eliciting a reaction from an audience (whether persuasion or mobilization)

If frames are effective they will "resonate" with people

Credibility

• consistency: lack of contradiction in frames or frames and action

• empirical credibility: apparent correspondence between frames and "truth"/"facts" of the world

"If the state is no longer to protect citizens then people take to the streets and protect themselves. It's as simple as that! … Today it's a citizen's duty to stop the lethal 'knife migration'! … It could have targeted your father, son or brother! When such an act of murder happens, it is normal for people to unleash themselves"

• AfD MP

Credibility

• consistency: lack of contradiction in frames or frames and action

• empirical credibility: apparent correspondence between frames and "truth"/"facts" of the world

• credibility of messager: high status, experts, people with shared ideology more believable

Salience

• centrality of frames: are values invoked by frames "core" or "peripheral". (e.g., self-preservation may be a "core" value)
• experiential commensurability: does frame align with everyday experiences
• cultural resonance: frames reflect broader cultural norms in society

Do "discursive opportunities" enable violence?

• Look at right-wing nationalist violence in Germany (1990s)

Do discursive opportunity structures enable success of right-wing nationalists and increase in violence?

discursive opportunity structures: attributes of public discourse that make it possible for a frame to spread successfully

Visibility

Resonance: consonance/dissonance

Legitimacy

Data on

1. anti-immigrant violence
2. visibility of violence (in newspapers/front page)
3. dissonance: anti-right wing and anti-xenophobic claims,
4. consonance: anti-migrant claims

Results

Greater visibility for right-wing violence, more consonance in media:

• More anti-immigrant violence

More dissonance in media:

• Less anti-immigrant violence

Alert groups of support => coordination

Create new support => persuasion