November 5, 2018
It is outrageous what the Democrats are doing to our Country. Vote Republican now! https://t.co/0pWiwCHGbh pic.twitter.com/2crea9HF7G
— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) October 31, 2018
explicit: use of ethnic/racial nouns or adjectives to endorse in-group prerogatives, to express anti- out-group sentiment, to represent ethnic/racial stereotypes, or to portray a threat from the out-group.
implicit: a message that endorses in-group prerogatives, expresses anti- out-group sentiment, represents ethnic/racial stereotypes, or portrays a threat from the out-group without ethnic/racial nouns/adjectives using either words or images
in psychology: exposure to one stimulus influences a response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious guidance or intention
Experiments show Americans:
Words "mean the same", but different racial connotations…
BUT: not always sure that "words means the same thing"
Huber and Paris: people think of different policies when they hear "assistance to the poor" vs. "welfare"
Exposure to "Fighting" words in ad increases support for political violence
Exposure to "Fighting" words increases support for policies that harm ethnic out-group in India/Israel
“When politicians are damaging the country, citizens should send threats to scare them straight.”
“The worst politicians should get a brick through the window to make them stop hurting the country.”
“Sometimes the only way to stop bad government is with physical force.”
“Some of the problems citizens have with government could be fixed with a few well-aimed bullets.”
“Citizens upset by government should never use violence to express their feelings.” (reverse-coded)
Responses were made on a 5-point scale from strongly agree to strongly disagree.
Priming "Treatment" is very small yet has an effect